In an independent 275-eye validation set, selecting formulas by AL, K and ACD reduced mean absolute error to 0.24 D and placed 89.1% within ±0.50 D.
doi: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000002055In 98 eyes with a capsular tension ring, Barrett Universal II and Holladay II had lower absolute error, but all four formulas showed a mild hyperopic shift.
doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2026.33338In a 325-eye series, O Formula had lower error than four contemporary formulas, but did not differ significantly from SRK/T and was tested at one center.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2025.08.049Across 271 short eyes, EVO and Holladay 1 had the lowest overall mean error, while Haigis, K6, Kane and PEARL-DGS led in particular axial-length ranges.
doi: 10.1007/s00417-026-07505-9In a 2,550-eye retrospective multicenter dataset, Moussa had the lowest mean absolute error, but its margin over the closest formulas was measured in hundredths of a diopter.
doi: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000002079